ENGLISH CLASS

Class 1 

Tiempos Verbales

The basic tenses in English are: Past, Present and Future, but not everything is that simple, otherwise there would be no reason to explain this topic. These grammatical tenses have variabilities that make expressions more specific and describe the exact time in which an action takes place.

Afirmative 

+ = Subject + verb + complement 

whith regular verb 

when the verb is regular, the statements are constructed using the verb in the infinitive and the ending ED is added

Whith irregular verb 

when the verb is irregular, you have to look for them in the second column (in the list of the past simple)

Interrogative 

Auxiliary + subjetect + verb + complement 

to ask questions it is necessary to use the auxiliary DID + the subject + verb in infinitive + the complement

Verb to be Past tense

Affirmation. Subject + verb (was, were) + complement

Denial. Subject + verb (was, were) + not + complement

Question. Verb (was, were) + subject + complement

Verb to be Present

Affirmation. Subject + verb (am, is, are) + complement

Denial. Subject + verb (am, is, are) + not + complement

Question. Verb (am, is, are) + subject + complement

Verb to be Future

Affirmation. Subject + will + be + complement

Denial. Subject + will + not + be + complement

Question. Will + subject + be + complement

Class 2

The present perfect continuous (also called present perfect progressive) is a tense used to show that an action began in the past and has continued up to the present moment. The present perfect continuous generally emphasizes duration, or the amount of time that an action has been taking place.

we use this verb tense to talk about something that happens repeatedly or continuously from a time in the past until now

Forms 

Affirmative : it is formed with the verb have or has + been + main verb in the ING form 

Negative: we use have or has _not_ + been + main verb in the ING form 

Question : Have or has + subject + been + main verb in the ING form 

Past Perfect Form 

Had + past participle 

Affirmative

The Past Perfect is formed with had + past participle of the verb. For example, she had asked him.

Negative

The order of the negative form is subject, auxiliary verb had, not and past participle. For example, he had not asked.

Interrogative

The structure of the interrogative form is the auxiliary verb had, subject and past participle. For example, have you made up your mind?

USE 1 

Completed action before something in the past 

The past perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. it can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past 

 

USE 2 

Duration before something in the past (non-continuos verbs)

with non-continuous verbs and some non-continuoous uses of mixed verb, we use the past and the continued up until another action in the past 

PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice is used when you want to emphasize the object that receives the action and not the subject that performs the action.

How is it formed?

the passive voice is composed of two elements: the appropriate form of the verb "to be" + verb "past participle"

PASSIVE VOICE IN THE PRESENT

Grammar structure

The structure of the passive voice is very simple

Object + verb to be + verb in past participle + subject

PROYECTO ITER: ENERGÍA ILIMITADA 

Alan Gonzalez Ocaña & Jesus Rodrigo Ramirez Hernandez 

ITER ("The Way" in Latin) is one of the most ambitious energy projects in the world today.

In southern France, 35 nations are collaborating to build the world's largest tokamak, a magnetic fusion device that has been designed to prove the feasibility of fusion as a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy based on the same principle that powers our Sun and stars.

The experimental campaign that will be carried out at ITER is crucial to advancing fusion science and preparing the way for the fusion power plants of tomorrow.

ITER will be the first fusion device to produce net energy .

ITER will be the first fusion device to maintain fusion for long periods of time. And ITER will be the first fusion device to test the integrated technologies, materials, and physics regimes necessary for the commercial production of fusion-based electricity.

Thousands of engineers and scientists have contributed to the design of ITER since the idea for an international joint experiment in fusion was first launched in 1985.

The ITER Members China, the European Union, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and the United States are now engaged in a 35-year collaboration to build and operate the ITER experimental device, and together bring fusion to the point where a demonstration fusion reactor can be designed.

We invite you to explore the ITER website for more information on the science of ITER, the ITER international collaboration and the large-scale building project that is underway in Saint Paul-lez-Durance, southern France.

The amount of fusion energy a tokamak is capable of producing is a direct result of the number of fusion reactions taking place in its core. Scientists know that the larger the vessel, the larger the volume of the plasma ... and therefore the greater the potential for fusion energy.

With ten times the plasma volume of the largest machine operating today, the ITER Tokamak will be a unique experimental tool, capable of longer plasmas and better confinement. The machine has been designed specifically to:

1) Produce 500 MW of fusion power

The world record for fusion power is held by the European tokamak JET. In 1997, JET produced 16 MW of fusion power from a total input power of 24 MW (Q=0.67). ITER is designed to produce a ten-fold return on energy (Q=10), or 500 MW of fusion power from 50 MW of input power. ITER will not capture the energy it produces as electricity, but as first of all fusion experiments in history to produce net energy gain it will prepare the way for the machine that can.

2) Demonstrate the integrated operation of technologies for a fusion power plant

ITER will bridge the gap between today's smaller-scale experimental fusion devices and the demonstration fusion power plants of the future. Scientists will be able to study plasmas under conditions similar to those expected in a future power plant and test technologies such as heating, control, diagnostics, cryogenics and remote maintenance.

3) Achieve a deuterium-tritium plasma in which the reaction is sustained through internal heating

Fusion research today is at the threshold of exploring a "burning plasma" one in which the heat from the fusion reaction is confined within the plasma efficiently enough for the reaction to be sustained for a long duration. Scientists are confident that the plasmas in ITER will not only produce much more fusion energy, but will remain stable for longer periods of time.

4) Test tritium breeding

One of the missions for the later stages of ITER operation is to demonstrate the feasibility of producing tritium within the vacuum vessel. The world supply of tritium (used with deuterium to fuel the fusion reaction) is not sufficient to cover the needs of future power plants. ITER will provide a unique opportunity to test mockup in-vessel tritium breeding blankets in a real fusion environment.

5) Demonstrate the safety characteristics of a fusion device

ITER achieved an important landmark in fusion history when, in 2012, the ITER Organization was licensed as a nuclear operator in France based on the rigorous and impartial examination of its safety files. One of the primary goals of ITER operation is to demonstrate the control of the plasma and the fusion reactions with negligible consequences to the environment.

WHAT IS FUSION?

Fusion is the energy source of the Sun and stars. In the tremendous heat and gravity at the core of these stellar bodies, hydrogen nuclei collide, fuse into heavier helium atoms and release tremendous amounts of energy in the process.

Twentieth-century fusion science identified the most efficient fusion reaction in the laboratory setting to be the reaction between two hydrogen isotopes, deuterium and tritium. The DT fusion reaction produces the highest energy gain at the "lowest" temperatures.

Three conditions must be fulfilled to achieve fusion in a laboratory: very high temperature (on the order of 150,000,000° Celsius); sufficient plasma particle denity (to increase the likelihood that collisions do occur); and sufficient confinement time (to hold the plasma, which has a propensity to expand, within a defined volume).

At extreme temperatures, electrons are separated from nuclei and a gas becomes a plasma often referred to as the fourth state of matter. Fusion plasmas provide the environment in which light elements can fuse and yield energy.

In a tokamak device, powerful magnetic fields are used to confine and control the plasma.

WHO IS PARTICIPATING?

The ITER Project is a globe-spanning collaboration of 35 nations.

The ITER Members China, the European Union, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and the United States have combined resources to conquer one of the greatest frontiers in science reproducing on Earth the boundless energy that fuels the Sun and the stars.

As signatories to the ITER Agreement, concluded in 2006, the seven Members will share of the cost of project construction, operation and decommissioning. They'll also share the experimental results and any intellectual property generated by the operation phase.

Europe is responsible for the largest portion of construction costs (45.6 %); the remainder is shared equally by China, India, Japan, Korea, Russia and the US. The Members deliver very little monetary contribution to the project: instead, nine-tenths of contributions will be delivered to the ITER Organization in the form of completed components, systems or buildings.

CONCLUSION

This project is a new generation of energy, but carries risks from the collection of tritium to control plasma. but certainly if this project is successful, it will be a big step for humanity.